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For the conservation of forest we follow some steps. Extraction of timber should not interfere with watershed protection . thee felling should be matched by tree planting programmes. Modern management practices such as optimization of sylvicultural and nutritional requirements including use of fertilizers, irrigation , bacterial inoculations., pest management , weed controls , use of culture technique such as tissue culture , have to be adopted. The use of firewood should be discouraged to decrease pressure on more valuable natural forests . other sources of energy such as biogas have to be provided to replace the firewood .Environmentalist believe that for sustaining agriculture and maintaining the quality of environment at least one third of a country’s land should be under forests. This requires action at all levels. By individuals, governments etc. some of the steps are specially insists for forest conservation are extraction of timber and wood on a sustainable basis , replantation of native species on a replaceable basis , afforestation programmes , for meeting the needs of the rural and loacal communities and adoption of modern techniques and management practices . some of these programmes have began to yield encouraging results.

Deforestation is a formidable threat to the economy , quality of life and future of the environment .Hardly an ecosystem exists that has not been ecologically modified by human activities. Greek islands that are now semi deserts with scattered olive and fruit trees were once this place is thickly forested but the ancient greeks cut all the trees for cooking fuel , ship plans , roof raftes. In our time much of tropical asia is being denuded of its lush rain forests by  timber companies seeking hard woods for wallboard veneer or crating .in dry areas throughout the world including parts of the united states , another destructive human impact is occurring over millions acres of land. Land cannot support plants because of salinization.  Land degradation occurs through mining , dumping o industrial wastes and buildings etc. in African , asian  and American countries where growing populations can afford no fuel but wood to cook their food so trees are being cut up so faster than they are growing . these process reduce the total land area available for basic food production that is photosynthesis . which in turn reduce the basic food supply for life . thus they restrict and impoverish the food webs of globe. We cannot achieve a world of many and sustainability unless we take care of the land.

Forest conservation in India

Approximately one third of the earths total land area occupied by forests. In India about 20 % of the land area is occupied by the forests. Today per capita forest area available in India is .06ha .we depends forest for the production of wood , fruits, latex, oils , resins etc. forest gives a protection against soil erosion , prevention of drought , shelter against wind etc. forest regulate the amount of atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen. Cutting of tees for urban settlement and agriculture is known as deforestation. The deforestation results in following facts. The soil becomes loose and it undergo erosion. The unchecked water flow results in floods. It results in destruction of habitat and food. Due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases it leads to global warming. Deforestation can be overcome by following methods. Extensive planting of trees to increase forest cover this is known as afforestation. Forests are designated as national parks and sanctuaries protected from human interference. The social forestry includes planting tress on the waste lands .Agroforestry technique include the planting of woody species with herbaceous crops. In taungaya system of tree planting ,the trees are planted in between agricultural crops.

Forests in India

Forests covers a special place in the life and through of the people. In ancient times India was extensively covered with dense forest .Asoka’s stone edicts prescribed tree planting. Chandra guptha mayrya and kautilya took very much importance in forest management .over population and short sighted and unplanned feeling of forests have suddenly reduced the area and the quality of forests in India today. Forests are classified into various types. Well defined and comparatively stable units of tree vegetation results a forest type. A particular forest category can be found on the basis of its geographical location. climatic characteristics and species   compositions. India consists of 16 different forest types. These all have rich biodiversity .The total area occupied by forests in India has not been completely assessed . in 1980 ‘s the forest covers 22 % of land mass in India. The remote sensing surveys says that our forest area very much reduced. During 1980 india has 38 % of deciduous forest and 30 % of tropical deciduous forest. Now days these are very much reduced.

Forest biomes in India

The forest biomes in India are classified into tropical rain forest biome, tropical deciduous biome , temperate broad leaf forest biome  , temperate needle leaf or coniferous forest biome etc. the tropical rain forests are occupied by the north and eastern Himalayas in India. The trees here are about 40 m tall. These are the forest with highest rain fall. A distinct stratification can be recognized here. These are the most productive compare to other biomes. The common tress found here are hopea and dipterocarpus .tropical deciduous forests occupied by the northern and southern parts of India. The common tree species found here are tectona grandis , shorea robusta , diospyros melanoxylon , acacia catechu etc. the trees are about 20 m tall. During summer the leaves of most trees drop . the trees here have a thick bark which give protection from forest fires. The soils here are rich in nutrients. Temperate broad leaf forests are seen in western Himalayas. Different types of oak plants are seen in these forest.  The various oak species includes Quercus leucotrichophora, quercus semecarpifolia, quercus lanuginose etc..the trees are about 30 m tall. Coniferous forest seen in Himalayas at an altitude of 3000 m . these forest consists of tress like pine, deodar, cypress, siver fire spruce etc.