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India is the homeland of biodiversity and is flourished with nearly about 300 wild relatives crop plants and 160 cultivated species .the variety of animal species such as zibu , mithun ,buffalo, came. , etc. The some of the crop plants in India are tea, banana, sugarcane , mango, jackfruit etc. India the country which give prior importance for the conservation of biodiversity. The in situ conservations are national parks, sanctuaries, botanical garden etc. national bureau , fish , animals , genetic resources conserve the germplasm of plants and animals by storing seeds, when these seeds are dried , these are stored at low temperature . food and medicinal plants are being conserved by tribals and other authorities of government.

Conservation means the management of human use of the biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to present generation while continues its potential to meet the requirements and aspiration of future generations .conservation of living beings has the following  specific objectives To maintain  essential ecological processes and life supporting systems. To preserve the biodiversity  found in the world’s organisms. To ensure sustainable utilization of species and ecosystems which support millions of rural communities as well as major industries .thus conservation of living organisms  is a very complex operation which is specifically concerned with plants animals, and microorganisms, with those nonliving elements of the surrounding on which they depend. The national protection progarmes have to be organized  with the international programmes , particularly the biosphere reserve programme of the UNESCO’S man and made biosphere project and national parks and protected areas of international union for nature conservation and resources of nature. The international network of biosphere reserve programme is to conserve and use the diversity and integrity of plant and animal ecosystems for the present and the future within nature .international trade in wild plants and animals has to be well  regulated to appropriate legislative and administrative measures.

India is a well known agricultural country . a large number of india’s industries depends on agriculture. A survey of the present status of land in India has shown that most of our cropland , woodlands and grasslands have already become deteriorated owing to faulty agricultural practices. Deforestation, soil erosion, water logging, urbanization affected our productive lands. Out of india’s total landmass 300 million acres are wasteland. About 20 million are used for productive purposes. The man and land ratio is very low in India. Due to high population pressure the per capita available land in the country is only .30 heactares. The himalaya is one of he most watersheds in the world with high sedimentation rate. Execution of  environmentally unsound developmental plans and defective land use in the mountains have creates problems in the plain area’s of India. Every year about 400 million people’s in India  are ravaged by recurring floods and their consequences. The productivity of canal irrigated lands in India is  very poor comparison with that in other countries because of water logging and salinity and lack of interests. By proper drainage and desalination , these problems can overcome.

During the past three decades the idea of biosphere reserves has been introduced  by the man and biosphere programme of the UNESCO. India has identified 12 area to be consider  as biosphere reserves. Of these the nilgriri biosphere consisting  parts of kerala, tamilnadu, karanataka.was announce  in 1986 and the nanda devi biosphere reserve in 1988 . it is understood that two more biosphere reserves on at uttareakhand and other at nokrek have also been newly  treated  in the list of biosphere reserves. In a biosphere reserve multiple land use is allowed  by designating different  zones. There are core zone here no human interference  permitted. The buffer zone , where limited human activities permitted and manipulation zone where a large number of human activities permitted. In a biosphere reserve a lot of wild population as well as tribal peoples  and varied domesticated plant and animal genetic resources are protected . out of 435 national parks and sanctuaries in India , 17 have been choosed  as tiger project areas. National parks , biosphere reserve, sanctuaries would be the last refuge for wild plants and animals in the next  year.

biosphere reserves in india

India is richly endowed with different bio geographical provinces ranges from the cold deserts of ladakh and spiti to the hot deserts of the thar the temperate forest in the himalaya to the lush green tropical rain forests of the lowland . India is also endowed with large fresh water lakes such as the wular and the manasbal lakes in Kashmir the chilka in orissa and the kolleru lake in Andhra pradesh and the rugged and rich coastline and coral reefs of he decan. To protect preserve land area propagate this varied natural bounty the government of India introduced the wildlife act in 1972 . under which national parks and sanctuaries could be created . creation of biosphere reserves ha also been put into practices since 1986.  . a national park is a protected  area which is strictly reserved for the betterment of the wild life and where activities such as forestry , grazing or cultivation are not permitted . no private ownership right is allowed here. Any sort of habitat manipulation is a taboo in a national park in india. There are 66 national parks in the country covers an area of 33988 square kilometer. .in a sanctuary protection is give only to the fauna and operation such as harvesting of timber , collection of minor forest products and private ownership rights are permitted so long as they do not affect with the well being of animal . there are presently 370 sanctuaries in India covering 3 % of india’s total geographical area.